Indian Poetics
Indian poetics refers to the study and creation of poetry and literary criticism in the Indian subcontinent. It includes the traditional forms of poetry found in ancient texts like the Vedas and epics, as well as modern poetry written in various Indian languages. Indian poetics also includes concepts such as rasa (emotion or sentiment), alamkara (ornamentation or figurative language), and dhvani (suggestion or implication) that are used to create and analyze poetry.
Different Schools of Indian Poetics (સંપ્રદાય) :
1. Rasa (aesthetic pleasure) school (by Bharat)
2. Alankara (poetic figures) school (by Bhamah)
3. Riti (style) school (by Vaman)
4. Guna (attribute) school
5. Dhvani (suggestion) school (by Anand Vardhan)
6. Vakrokti (obliquity) school (by Kuntaka)
7. Anumana (inference) school
8. Aucitya (propriety) school (by Kshemendra)
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Alankara (अलंकार):
Bhamah says that a poet who does not know the use of ornamentation is not a poet. (ભામાહ કહે છે જે અલંકાર પ્રયોજી નથી જાણતો એ કવિ કવિ જ નથી.)
Alankara is a Sanskrit term that refers to the essence of poetic beauty. It encompasses the various principles and techniques used to adorn literary compositions with figurative language and artistic expression. In a narrower sense, Alankara specifically refers to the use of tropes or figures of speech to enhance the aesthetic quality of a text. Throughout history, scholars from Bharata to Mammata have provided detailed definitions and discussions of these figures of speech and their usage in literature.
तददोषौ शब्दार्थौ सगुणावनलंकृती पुनः क्वापि।
Shabdalankar(શબ્દાલંકાર):
Shabda (Word) + Alankar (Ornaments)) = Shabdalankar
Meaning is created through words is called Shabdalankara.
જે અલંકારમાં શબ્દ દ્વારા ચમત્કૃતિ સધાતી હોય તે શબ્દાલંકાર કહેવાય
1. Yamak (Homonym)
Homonyms are words that share the same spelling or pronunciation but have distinct meanings and origins.
Example:
"I bear witness to the bear that crossed my path."
"He dove into the ocean to retrieve his lost dove."
"I need to read this book to know how to properly wind the clock." (wind - as in air movement and wind - as in turn a crank)
2. Anupras (Alliteration)
The use of the same consonant sound at the beginning of multiple words or syllables in close proximity is known as alliteration.
Example:
"Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers."
"Sally sells seashells by the seashore."
"Betty Botter bought some butter, but she said this butter's bitter."
3. Shlesh (Pun)
Puns are a type of wordplay that involves using words that have multiple meanings or that sound similar but have different meanings. Among the figures of speech, puns are often regarded as the most fascinating and entertaining.
Example:
"I'm reading a book on anti-gravity. It's impossible to put down."
Arthalankar(અર્થાલંકાર):
Artha (Meaning) + Alankar (Ornaments) = Arthalankar
Artalankara is a figure of speech in which a meaning is conveyed through another meaning or comparison.
જે અલંકારમાં અર્થ દ્વારા ચમત્કૃતિ સધાતી હોય તે અર્થાલંકાર
1. Upama (simile)
A simile is a figure of speech that compares a person or thing to another, emphasizing their similarities.
Kalidasa's simile is considered the best. (કાલિદાસની ઉપમાને શ્રેષ્ઠ ગણવામાં આવે છે.)
Example:
Her hair was as bright as the sun.
2. Rupaka (metaphor)
A metaphor is a literary device in which a word or phrase representing one thing is substituted for another to imply a comparison or similarity between them.
Example:
"Life is a journey."
"Her voice is music to my ears."
"He has a heart of stone."
3. Atishyokti (Hyperbole)
Hyperbole is a figure of speech where intentional exaggeration is used to emphasize a point or to create a heightened effect, rather than being taken literally.
Example:
"I've told you a million times to clean your room."
"I am so hungry I could eat a horse."
"This bag weighs a ton."
Vakrokti:
Vakrokti is also a theory of language of literature. It claims that the characteristic property of literary language is its "markedness ". It deviates in identifiable ways from ordinary language in its form and in the way it constitutes meaning.
Kuntaka made Vakrokti a full-fledged theory of literariness. He defines Vakrokti as " both words and meanings marked by artistic turn of speech " ( Vakroktijivita 1.10 ).
शब्दार्थौ सहितौ वक्र कवि व्यापारशालिनि।
बन्धे व्यवस्थितौ काव्यं तद्विदाह्लादकारिणी।।
Vakrokti literally means Vakra Ukti, deviant or marked expression, and can also mean special denotation. It may be properly translated as " markedness ".
Kuntaka classifies vakrokti under six heads (In Vakroktijoita) :
1. In syllables or their arrangements
2. Banayake in the base substantives
3. in inflected forms of substantives
4. in sentences, including figures of speech
5. in topics or sections
6. in the whole composition
વક્ર+ ઉક્તિ=વક્રોકતિ
ઉદાહરણ:
અમે વળીને જોયું અને તમે વળ્યા વાક,
ગલીનો હોય કે પછી નજરનો છે વાક.
- વર્ણવિન્યાસ વક્રતા
The appeal of utilizing language, particularly through alliteration.
Ex.
કનુકાકાએ કાશી કાકી ને કીધું.Sheep should sleep in the shed.
She sells seashells by the seashore.
Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.
- પદ પૂર્વાર્ધ વક્રતા
Ex.
તમે મારા દેવના દીધેલ છો,
તમે મારા માગી લીધેલ છો.
તમે મારા દેવના દીધેલ છો,
તમે મારા માગી લીધેલ છો.
If the grass is wet, then it is raining.
- પદપરાધ વક્રતા
The entire statement is dependent on a single letter succeeding any of the letters.
Ex.
કોઈ પ્રત્યય લાગેલો હોય.ગઢને હોકારો તો કાંગરા ય દેશે,
ગઢમાં હોકારો કોણ દેશે. - રમેશ પારેખ
- વાક્ય વક્રતા
Ex.
મેરે પાસ મા હે. (Deewar Movie)"To be, or not to be" (Hamlet)
- પ્રકરણ વક્રતા
Expanding a fragment of a literary work or myth through a poet's personal interpretation.
Ex.
કોઈ પરંપરામાંથી મળતું સાહિત્ય હોય.સૈરન્ધ્રી by Vinod Joshi
The Myth of Sisyphus by Albert Camus
- પ્રબંધ વક્રતા
Express the complete meaning of a text or literary creation in a single sentence.
આખી રચના કંઈક સુજવતી હોય. = સુચિતાર્થ
Ex.
Mahabharata = Bad always defeated.
Ramayana = Victory is always on side Truth.
Riti (Mode of Expression):
DEVELOPMENT OF THEORIES OF RITI: https://cec.nic.in/webpath/curriculum/Module/FART/Paper22/7/downloads/script.pdf
Vamana was one of the most brilliant Rhetoricians who roughly belong to the late 8th and the mid-9th century. He can conventionally located after Bharata and Bhamaha, yet surely not after Abhinav Gupta, Ananda-Vardhanam or Mammata. His expertise of examination into the discipline of a Kavya is known as the theory of Riti.
Riti or style (not necessarily in the modern sense) is first discussed implicitly in Natya Sastra when different kinds of vacikabhinay are discussed and can be linked to the theory of dosa guna.
Riti is a theory of language of literature. It is Vamana who developed it into a theory, though it is described for the first time in Bharata's Nāṭyasastra under the rubric of vrtti. As the theory of visista padaracana, Riti is a theory of formation of or arrangement of marked inflected constructions. (Kavyalamkarasutra 1.2.6).
Auchitya:
The theory of propriety or appropriateness claims that in all aspects of literary composition, there is the possibility of a perfect, the most appropriate choice of subject, ideas of words , or devices.
For Kshemendra, Auchitya is the Aatma(Soul) of Literature.
Kshemendra made aucitya the central element of literariness . He defines aucitya as the property of an expression (signifier) being an exact and appropriate analog of the expressed.
Dhvani:
Anandavardhan's Dhvanyaloka. A lot of attention is given to poets like Anandavardhan who aim to look at poetry beyond its literal limits. Unlike the Mimamsa which are concerned with structural, grammatical and stylistic arrangements of poetry, Anandavardhan reaches beyond this into a secondary meaning or purpose (dhvani).
- Abhidha (The denotative function) :
The first meaning that comes across while reading the sentence is Abhidha.
The meaning unfolds on the basis of the word.
Anandvardhan gave the concept of Pratiyaman dhvani i.e. Pratiyaman artha which is accompanied by both word and meaning.
- Lakshana (The indicative function):
Lakshnik Arth(meaning) is to be taken.
Lakshnik Arth: The original meaning excluded and the meaning to be taken.
मुख्यार्थबाधे तद्योगे रूढ़ितोऽथ प्रयोजनति्।
अन्योऽर्थों लक्ष्यते यत् सा लक्षणारोपिता क्रिया॥
Example: My house is on University Road.
All idioms are in Lakshana.
- Vyanajana (The suggestive function):
From which the direct meaning can be found but it is not to be taken.
Rasa Sampradaya is based on Bhava while Dhvani Sampradaya is based on Shabda and Artha.
Word (Shabda) + Meaning(Artha) = Sound(Dhvani)
Dhvani :
In which the word and meaning become secondary and that which Pratiyaman Artha the apparent meaning is called sound.
(ધ્વનિ: જેમાં શબ્દ અને અર્થ ગૌણ બની જાય અને જે પ્રતીયમાન અર્થ પ્રગટે તેને ધ્વનિ કહેવામાં આવે છે.)
Pratiyaman Artha:
What is not said and what is understood is called Pratiyaman Artha means Dhvani.
(પ્રતિયમાન અર્થ: જે નથી કહ્યું અને જે સમજાયું તેને પ્રતિયમાન અર્થ એટલે ધ્વનિ કહેવાય.)
Example: Ate the head.
'It became dark', which literally means the light has gone, which literally means someone has died, which is called sound.
(ઉદાહરણ: માથું ખાધું.
'અંધારું થયું', જેનો વાંચ્યાર્થ પ્રકાશ ચાલ્યો ગયો એવો થાય જેનો પ્રતિયમાન અર્થ કોઈનું મૃત્યુ થયું એવો થાય જેને ધ્વનિ કહેવાય.)
The Dhvani has been compared to the beauty of a woman which does not fit the description of elegance (beauty) and the same has been done for the sound.
(ધ્વનિની સરખામણી સ્ત્રીના સૌંદર્યની સાથે કરવામાં આવી છે જે વર્ણનને અનુકૂળ ન આવે એ લાવણ્ય( સુંદરતા) અને ધ્વનિ માટે પણ આ જ સરખામણી થઈ છે.)
Example:
મીઠા મધુ ને મીઠા મેહુલા રે લોલ એથી મીઠી તે મોરી માત રે.
(અભિધા) (લક્ષણા) (વ્યંજના)
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| Prepared in Google Docs. |
- વિચાર પર આધારિત (વિધેયાત્મક) =તું જ્યાં છે ત્યાં મારો જન્મ થજો.
- અલંકાર ધ્વનિ =દમયંતીનું મુખ ચંદ્ર જેવું છે.
- રસધ્વનિ =સાવરિયો રે મારો સાવરિયો
આનંદવર્ધને કહ્યું કે આ બધામાં રસધ્વનિ શ્રેષ્ઠ છે કારણકે તે અલૌકિક છે.
Anandvardhan said that Rasadhvani is the best of all because it is daemonic.
"કલાનું રહસ્ય સમસ્યા વગર કલાને મેળવી શકાય પણ પામી ન શકાય."
(From the lecture of Prof.Vinod Joshi Sir.)
(Words 1637, Images 06)
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